高考英語名詞性從句考點(diǎn)講解
2021-09-25 17:35:00高考網(wǎng)整理
高考英語名詞性從句考點(diǎn)講解
一、幾種易混的從句的辨別
定語從句、名詞性從句和狀語從句有時(shí)候在形式上很相似,下面提供一些區(qū)分的方法:
1.定語從句與同位語從句
定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系;而同位語從句是用來說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容的。that在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,可指物或人;而同位語從句中的that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分,只起連接作用。請(qǐng)比較:
(1)The news (that/which) he told us was exciting.
(定語從句,that/which在從句中作賓語,還可以被省略)
(2)The news that our team has won is exciting.
(同位語從句,that從句是說明news的內(nèi)容的,that在從句中不作任何成分,但不能被省略)
辨析
判斷是定語從句還是同位語從句可以用“加詞”的方法,即在名詞和從句之間加入一個(gè)be動(dòng)詞,如果句子意思成立,則是同位語從句,否則,則是定語從句。如上面第二句,加上be動(dòng)詞后:
The news is that our team has won.句子意思成立,所以是同位語從句。而第一句,加上be動(dòng)詞后:
The news is that he told us.意思不成立,因此不是同位語從句。
【特別提醒】
一般情況下,同位語從句緊跟在它所說明的名詞的后面,可是有的時(shí)候,為了表達(dá)的需要,名詞與從句之間被另外一些內(nèi)容分隔開了,叫做“分隔同位語從句”。對(duì)于這類同位語從句,一定要根據(jù)句意,找準(zhǔn)它所說明的名詞。
2.定語從句與狀語從句
請(qǐng)看兩組句子:
第一組:區(qū)分such...as...和such...that...
(1)The new storybook is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.
(2)The new storybook is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.
這兩句話只有一詞之差,但語法結(jié)構(gòu)大相徑庭:第一句是as引導(dǎo)的定語從句,as相當(dāng)于that/which(但不能用that/which),在從句中作understand的賓語。第二句是結(jié)果狀語從句,that在從句中不作成分。
結(jié)論:當(dāng)從句缺少句子成分時(shí),用such...as...;當(dāng)從句不缺少句子成分時(shí),用such...that...。
第二組:選用in which, where填空
(1)He left the key ______ he had been an hour before.
(2)He left the place ______ he lived for many years.
分析:第一句只能填where, where引導(dǎo)的是地點(diǎn)狀語從句,修飾主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。此處where不可換成in which,因?yàn)閕n which只能引導(dǎo)定語從句,本句中根本就沒有先行詞(后面的從句不是修飾key的)。
第二句填where或in which。根據(jù)句意可知,后面的句子是對(duì)名詞place的修飾,因此此句是定語從句。
二、that與what的區(qū)別
that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,在從句中不作任何成分,that本身無意義,只起連接作用。what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí),在從句中可以作主語、賓語、表語等,what表示“……的東西或事情”。請(qǐng)比較:
What I need is more time.(what引導(dǎo)主語從句,在從句中作賓語)
That I need more time to do the work is very clear.(that引導(dǎo)主語從句,在從句中不作任何成分)
The village is no longer what it used to be.(what引導(dǎo)表語從句,在從句中作表語)
I had no idea what we should do next.(what引導(dǎo)同位語從句,在從句中作賓語)
He will tell us what he saw in London.(what引導(dǎo)賓語從句,在從句中作賓語)
精析
名詞性從句中區(qū)分that與what的關(guān)鍵是:分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),看從句是否缺少句子成分。如果不缺成分,就用that,如果缺少句子成分(主語、賓語、表語等),且表示“……的東西或事情”就用what。
三、who, whoever與no matter who的區(qū)別
引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,在句中作主語時(shí)用who,意思是“誰”,含有疑問意味,whoever意為“無論誰”,不含有疑問意味。whoever在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí),相當(dāng)于anyone who,其中who引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句緊隨其后。
另外,whoever還可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,這時(shí)whoever相當(dāng)于no matter who,但是no matter who只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。請(qǐng)比較:
1.Who has taken away my bag is unknown.
誰拿走了我的包還不知道。(若用whoever顯然句意不通)
2.Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
無論誰違反法律都要受到懲罰。(whoever表達(dá)的語氣強(qiáng)烈)
3.I'm not going to let you in, no matter who you are.
。絀'm not going to let you in, whoever you are.
(根據(jù)句意“我不會(huì)讓你進(jìn)去的,不管你是誰”,后面是一個(gè)讓步狀語從句,故用no matter who或者whoever)
【特別提醒】
wh-ever既可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,又可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí),whoever=anyone who; whomever=any-one whom; whatever=anything that; whichever=anything/anyone that; whosever=any one whose。
Whichever he likes will be given to him.=Anything that he likes will be given to him.
無論他想要哪個(gè)都可以給他。
You should give the book back to whosever name(=anyone whose name) is on the cover of it.
你該把書還給任何一個(gè)他的名字在封面上的人。
【方法技巧】
做題時(shí),具體思路如下:①通讀全句,首先考慮是不是某種句型,如強(qiáng)調(diào)句型;②題干句若是疑問句,首先把它恢復(fù)為正常語序;③觀察設(shè)空的前前后后,確定相關(guān)從句的性質(zhì);④確定從句性質(zhì)后,回憶相關(guān)從句的用法特點(diǎn),從而作出取舍;⑤注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和并列連詞(and, but)的作用;⑥將選項(xiàng)代入句子,看前后是否語意貫通。