2020年高考英語閱讀理解備考技巧

　　2020高考即將開戰(zhàn)，你準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？高考網(wǎng)小編為各位考生整理了一些高考復(fù)習(xí)方法，供大家參考閱讀！

　　專題1  閱讀理解專題之----主旨大意題

　　【設(shè)問形式】

　　1.主旨大意題之標(biāo)題歸納題常見設(shè)問形式：

　　1）What may/can be the best title for the text?

　　2）The best title for the text would be______.

　　3）Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

　　4）What might be the most suitable title for the text?

　　....

　　2.主旨大意題之主題歸納題常見的設(shè)問形式：

　　1）The main idea of the passage is…

　　2）The passage is mainly about…

　　3）Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

　　4）What is the passage mainly about?

　　......

　　【考查方式】

　　高考閱讀理解主旨大意題的考查旨在考查學(xué)生對(duì)一篇文章或一個(gè)段落的深層次理解和把握其主旨大意的能力。一般針對(duì)某一語段或某一語篇的主題、標(biāo)題設(shè)題。這類題目一般考查：概括總結(jié)文章的主題、文章標(biāo)題、段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括和總結(jié)，要求學(xué)生通過快速閱讀獲取語篇中心思想的能力，辨別篩選信息的能力。

　　1. 主旨大意題之標(biāo)題歸納題解題思路：

　　在閱讀理解中，通常利用找中心句來確定文章標(biāo)題。首先通讀文章，找到文章的中心句，根據(jù)中心句的關(guān)鍵詞來確定最佳標(biāo)題。同時(shí)，在選標(biāo)題的時(shí)候還要注意以下幾個(gè)問題：

　　1）首先要在對(duì)原文的理解基礎(chǔ)上仔細(xì)考慮所選標(biāo)題是否符合文章的中心思想，同時(shí)關(guān)注標(biāo)題對(duì)文章的內(nèi)容的覆蓋性如何，避免題目范圍過大或過小。

　　2）確定文章標(biāo)題時(shí)要注意容易犯的幾個(gè)錯(cuò)誤：①涵蓋內(nèi)容片面，以偏概全 ②標(biāo)題過于籠統(tǒng)，過于概括。

　　3）把文章內(nèi)容擴(kuò)大了范圍而不能很好地對(duì)應(yīng)文章的中心思想。③標(biāo)題集中在一些文章的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)而沒有對(duì)文章的中心思想有一個(gè)提升和概括。④選標(biāo)題時(shí)要站在作者和原文的角度理解上，不要自己主觀臆斷。

　　2.主旨大意題之主題歸納題解題思路：

　　歸納總結(jié)主題包括對(duì)整篇文章和對(duì)段落的大意總結(jié)。對(duì)整篇文章的大意總結(jié)一是需要利用文章的主題段來把握文章的中心思想。主題段通常出現(xiàn)在文章開頭和結(jié)尾。主要信息來把握文章脈絡(luò)，再進(jìn)行綜合歸納，概括出文章的主題。

　　對(duì)段落大意的總結(jié)和概括主要通過尋找主題句的方法來完成。主題句的特點(diǎn)是由于文章的結(jié)構(gòu)不同，主題句出現(xiàn)的位置通常也不同。①主題句在開頭：先提出觀點(diǎn)，再舉例論證或細(xì)節(jié)解釋觀點(diǎn)。②主題句在末尾：先表述細(xì)節(jié)或舉例，再歸納結(jié)論或結(jié)果。③主題句在中間：開頭先介紹背景或細(xì)節(jié)，中間綜合或概括出主題，后面再用具體的事實(shí)進(jìn)一步說明或發(fā)展前面的主題。④首尾呼應(yīng)：開頭點(diǎn)出主題，中間加以解釋，末尾再次強(qiáng)調(diào)主題或?qū)η懊娴氖聦?shí)做出進(jìn)一步的概括，雖然前后主題中心思想一致，但表述不盡相同。⑤無主題句：注意反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞，再進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)。

　　實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

　　【例題】

　　1. 主旨大意題之標(biāo)題歸納題：2017 全國卷1 C

　　Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) voice across cultures.

　　Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.

　　It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.

　　“Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite,”Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. “What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.”

　　Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,”says Moran.

　　Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, “Just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,”says Moran. “For me, it’s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,”says Moran, “So I want to continue those dialogue. Those are the things I want to foster.”

　　31．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

　　A．Exploring the Future of jazz.

　　B．The Rise and Fall of jazz.

　　C．The Story of a jazz Musician.

　　D．Celebrating the Jazz Day.

　　解析：文章首段點(diǎn)出：UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) voice across cultures.聯(lián)合國教科文組織為了保護(hù)爵士樂，設(shè)立國際爵士樂日。及結(jié)合全文，尤其第三至六段提及Jason Moran對(duì)爵士樂的看法及希望，可以得出最佳的標(biāo)題是A---“探索爵士樂的未來”更符合文章的中心思想。

　　2. 主旨大意題之主題歸納題：2018 全國卷1  C

　　Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was sill populated by hunter-gatherers , small tightly knit (聯(lián)系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 1200 languages between them.

　　Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialization, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalization and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.

　　At present, the world has about 6800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots,often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1000; Africa 2400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位數(shù)) of speakers is a mere 6000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.

　　Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡),with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busum in Cameroon(eight remaining Speaker), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark) none of these seems to have much chance of survival.

　　31. What is the main idea of the text?

　　A.New languages will be created.

　　B.People’s lifestyles are reflected in fewer languages.

　　C.Human development results in fewer languages.

　　D. Geography determines language evolution.

　　解析：文章的首段點(diǎn)出文章的主題：Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.增加的語言少，消失的語言多，再結(jié)合文章按照時(shí)間順序講述了人類發(fā)展的進(jìn)程和語言的消失。所以我們可以得出C答案。

　　【舉一反三】

　　A

　　At the age of seven, while his friends were spending their allowances on candy and toys, Jose Adolfo Quisocola, from Peru, came up with the creative idea of an eco-bank, which allows kids of all ages to become economically independent and financially wise while also helping the environment.

　　Established in 2012, The Bartselana Student Bank is the world’s first cooperative bank for kids. Whoever wants to join has to bring in at least 5 kilograms(11 pounds) of solid waste(paper or plastic) and establish a savings goal. Once accepted, all bank “partners” are required to deposit at least one additional kilogram(2.2 pounds) of recyclables on a monthly basis and obey other requirements, such as attending financial education and environmental management workshops. The waste accumulated is sold to local recycling companies, who, thanks to some clever negotiation by Jose, pay a higher-than-market rate for everything brought in by Bartselana Student Bank members. The funds received are placed in the individual’s account where they collect until his／her savings goal is reached. The account holder can then withdraw his／her money, or choose to leave it and continue to grow for a bigger target.

　　“At the beginning, my teachers thought I was crazy or that a child could not undertake this type of project, ” Jose recalls. “They did not understand that we are not the future of the country but its present. Luckily, I had the support of the school principal and an assistant in my classroom.”

　　The youngster’s persistence paid off. Today, the eco-bank, which now has the support of several local institutions, has ten educational centers and begins accepting applications from kids all across Peru. On November 20, 2018, the young boy was awarded the famous Children’s Climate Prize (CCP). “Jose’s eco-bank is a brilliant way of linking economy and climate impact, both in thought and practice. The potential impact is amazing,” a judge said.

　　Hopefully, Jose’s success will inspire more kids and adults to come up with new ideas that create value while helping the environment. As the boy says,” Together we can change the world…we just need an opportunity…”

　　1. What can be a suitable title for the passage?

　　A. An Amazing Boy，Jose

　　B. Recycling does Count Much

　　C. An Opportunity to Change the World

　　D. An Eco-bank, Economical and Ecological

　　B

　　Solar energy systems/power plants do not produce air pollution, water pollution, or greenhouse gases. Using solar energy can have a positive, indirect effect on the environment, when solar energy replaces or reduces the use of other energy sources that have larger effects on the environment.

　　However, some poisonous materials and chemicals are used to make the photovoltaic (光電池的) cells that convert sunlight into electricity. Some solar thermal (保熱的) systems use potentially hazardous liquids to transfer heat. Leaks of these materials could be harmful to the environment. U. S. environmental laws regulate the use and settlement of these types of materials.

　　As with any type of power plant, large solar power plants can affect the environment near their locations. The placement of the power plant may have long-term effects on the habitats of native plants and animals. Some solar power plant-s may require water for cleaning solar collectors and concentrators or for cooling turbine generators. Using large volumes of ground water or surface water in some dry locations may affect the ecosystems that depend on these water resources. In addition, the beam of concentrated sunlight a solar power tower creates can kill birds and insects that fly into the beam.

　　The amount of solar energy that the earth receives each day is many times greater than the total amount of all energy that people consume each day. However, on the surface of the earth, solar energy is a variable and irregular energy source. The amount of sunlight and the intensity of sunlight varies by time of day and location. Weather and climate conditions affect the availability of sunlight daily and on a seasonal basis. The type and size of a solar energy collection and conversion system determines how much of the available solar energy we can convert into useful energy.

　　2. What does the last paragraph mainly tell us?

　　A. Different areas receive different amount of solar energy.

　　B. How to convert solar energy into useful energy.

　　C. The relationship between solar energy collection and the sunlight.

　　D. Some factors that influence the amount of solar energy collection.

　　3. What does the author think of the solar energy systems?

　　A. They are totally environment-friendly.

　　B. They have both advantages and disadvantages. C. They should be forbidden in the future.

　　D. They should be encouraged in quantities.

　　解析：

　　1. 標(biāo)題判斷題。通讀全文可知，本文主要介紹了秘魯一位年輕人Jose Adolfo Quisocola創(chuàng)立的生態(tài)銀行，它讓各個(gè)年齡段的孩子在經(jīng)濟(jì)上獨(dú)立，經(jīng)濟(jì)上明智，同時(shí)也幫助環(huán)境。因此D項(xiàng)“生態(tài)銀行，經(jīng)濟(jì)又環(huán)保”適合作本文最佳標(biāo)題。故D選項(xiàng)正確。

　　2. 段落大意題。第三段主要是關(guān)于影響太陽能的因素，陽光的數(shù)量和強(qiáng)度，天氣和氣候條件，太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)等都會(huì)影響太陽能的使用。故選D。

　　3. 推測(cè)判斷題。作者在文中提到了太陽能對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)的好處，同時(shí)也提出太陽能的一些劣勢(shì)，比如會(huì)破壞生態(tài)平衡，不穩(wěn)定。由此可以看出作者認(rèn)為太陽能既有好處，也有不好的地方，選B。