如何做高考英語閱讀理解推斷題

　　高考英語閱讀理解中的推斷題，要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，作出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推斷題屬于主觀性較強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題，做這類題目時(shí)，同學(xué)們要嚴(yán)格依據(jù)作者所陳述的細(xì)節(jié)、事實(shí)以及作者的措詞、態(tài)度和語氣，找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞句，然后利用自己已獲得的相關(guān)知識進(jìn)行推理判斷，從而得出符合邏輯的結(jié)論。根據(jù)近幾年高考英語推斷題的考查情況，本文擬就對隱含意義的推斷、作者觀點(diǎn)的推斷、寫作目的推斷以及材料出處的推斷等四種典型的推斷題類型進(jìn)行分析，以幫助同學(xué)們熟練應(yīng)對。

　　一、如何推斷隱含意義

　　1．推斷隱含意義的提問方式

　　It can be inferred from the text that       .

　　according to…, we can infer that       .

　　From the text we know that …is most likely        .

　　When the writer talks about …, what the writer really means is       .

　　The writer suggests that       .

　　The story implies that       .

　　We can infer [conclude] from the passage that         .

　　這類題干中通常常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude, intend, purpose, be likely to…等標(biāo)志性詞語。

　　2. 干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置特點(diǎn)

　　在通常情況下，這類試題的干擾項(xiàng)具有以下特點(diǎn)：或是文章中直接用于表達(dá)細(xì)節(jié)的信息，或是文章中無關(guān)緊要或片面推出的結(jié)論，或是與文章內(nèi)容完全相反的結(jié)論，或是不合常理或不合邏輯的結(jié)論等。

　　3. 答題誤區(qū)

　　同學(xué)們在做類題目時(shí)，很容易誤選文段中直接用于表達(dá)信息的選項(xiàng)或表示片面結(jié)論的選項(xiàng)。

　　4. 技巧點(diǎn)撥

　　一是要全面分析所有相關(guān)信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面結(jié)論。二是要忠實(shí)原文，切忌脫離原文，憑空臆斷。三是注意不要選擇表層信息答案，應(yīng)該立足由已知推斷未知。

　　5. 實(shí)例分析（江西卷）

　　A stronger argument comes from research into school results. Girls grow up earlier than boys, tend to be more orderly and are likely to be better at languages. In a mixed class, boys who might do well in a single-sex class become discouraged and take on the rule of troublemaker. Certainly in the UK this situation has greatly alarmed(驚動(dòng)) the government for it to be encouraging co-educational schools to have some single-sex classes. In the UK the best schools are all single-sex, strongly suggesting that co-education is not the best answer. This may, however, not be as simple as it looks. It may simply be that the famous old schools that attract the best students happen to be single-sex, rather than that being single-sex makes them better schools.

　　●At the end of the passage the writer suggests that ________.

　　A. single-sex schools are the best schools in the UK

　　B. being single-sex does not necessarily make a school better

　　C. co-educational schools are better for both sexes in personal development

　　D. because boys cannot compete with girls in study, they go to single-sex schools

　　【解題思路分析】答案選 B。作者在羅列In a mixed class, boys who might do well in a single-sex class become discouraged and take on the rule of troublemaker和In the UK the best schools are all single-sex等事實(shí)后，得出了It may simply be that the famous old schools that attract the best students happen to be single-sex, rather than that being single-sex makes them better schools這個(gè)結(jié)論。要做對上面這道題，正確理解文章末尾這句結(jié)論性的句子至關(guān)重要。這里尤其要注意句中的rather than這個(gè)關(guān)鍵性詞語，它的意思是“而不是”，用于否定或排除其后引出的內(nèi)容。故只有選項(xiàng)B最合適。

　　二、如何推斷作者觀點(diǎn)

　　1. 提問方式

　　The writer’s attitude toward… is______.

　　The writer thought that______.

　　according to the author ______.

　　2. 干擾選項(xiàng)

　　此類試題的干擾項(xiàng)通常具有以下特點(diǎn)：或是自己的某種看法或觀點(diǎn)，或是社會的一種普遍種傾向，或是與本文無關(guān)或與作者相反的觀點(diǎn)或看法等。

　　3. 答題誤區(qū)

　　容易誤選與自己的看法相吻合的選項(xiàng)。

　　4. 技巧點(diǎn)撥

　　注意作者在文中的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞及所舉的例子，才能推斷出作者的弦外之音。

　　5. 實(shí)例分析（江西卷）

　　Just as crying can be healthy, not crying—holding back tears of anger, pain or suffering—can be bad for physical(身體的) health. Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, don’t fight it. It’s a natural—and healthy—emotional response(反應(yīng)).

　　●according to the author, which of the following statements is true?

　　A. Crying is the best way to get help from others.

　　B. Fighting back tears may cause some health problems.

　　C. We will never know our deep feelings unless we cry.

　　D. We must cry if we want to reduce pressure.

　　【解題思路分析】答案選B。作者在文章中說Studies show that too much control can lead to high blood press, heart problems and other illnesses，即過多地忍住情感（如忍住不哭等）有可能會導(dǎo)致健康問題。這里雖然用了Studies show… (研究表明……)這樣的字眼，但作者在此顯然是為增加說服力而特意采用的一種表現(xiàn)手法，也就是說，研究所表明的結(jié)果就是作者的觀點(diǎn)，故最佳答案為B。(from www.nmet168.com)

　　三、如何推斷寫作目的

　　1. 提問方式

　　(1) 考查整篇文章的寫作目的

　　The writer writes this passage in order to _____.

　　The writer’s purpose of writing this passage is to _____.

　　What is the purpose of writing this article?

　　In writing the passage, the author intends to _____.

　　(2) 考查某處細(xì)節(jié)的寫作意圖

　　The writer uses the example of…to show that _____.

　　The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _____.

　　…are mentioned in the first paragraph to _____.

　　2. 常見的寫作目的歸納

　　不同的文章可能有不同的寫作目的, 但寫作目的通常有以下三種：

　　(1) to entertain readers（娛樂讀者，讓人發(fā)笑）

　　(2) to persuade readers（說服讀者接受某種觀點(diǎn)）

　　(3) to inform readers（告知讀者某些信息）

　　3. 技巧點(diǎn)撥

　　(1) 根據(jù)文體類別推斷寫作目的

　　這就要求我們了解在歷年高考閱讀題中，不同文體與三種目的的大致對應(yīng)關(guān)系，這有助于做好此類試題。

　　第一種寫作目的（to entertain readers）常見于故事類的文章。如全國卷曾有一篇閱讀文章，作者虛構(gòu)了兩個(gè)宇航員在太空工作的情形，一個(gè)宇航員Joe做完了修理工作后要回到飛船上，用力敲了多次飛船的門，但門都沒開，最后才傳來這樣一句話“Who’s there ?” “It’s me ! Who else could it be ?”Joe生氣地大喊。在這一問一答中作者的寫作目的就躍然紙上：因?yàn)樘�空處于真空狀態(tài)，不能傳播聲音，因此本文純屬虛構(gòu)，寫作目的是想令人發(fā)笑（to make people laugh）。而全國卷的另一篇閱讀文章，則更多地選擇那些可以顯示兩個(gè)主人公的笨拙的細(xì)節(jié)，目的是為了表現(xiàn)事情的有趣（to tell an interesting experience），從而達(dá)到娛樂讀者的目的。

　　第二種寫作目的（to persuade readers）常見于廣告類的文章。在這樣的文章中，作者或是要推銷一種產(chǎn)品﹑一種服務(wù)（to sell a product or a service），或是要通過對旅游景點(diǎn)﹑報(bào)刊雜志﹑影片﹑電視節(jié)目等的介紹來達(dá)到他的寫作目的：吸引更多的游客﹑讀者或訂戶﹑觀眾等（to attract more visitors / readers / audience）。如廣東卷曾有篇閱讀理解文章介紹了四種雜志的內(nèi)容和價(jià)格，其目的是to get more readers to subscribe。另一篇全國卷的閱讀理解文章則介紹了一種被稱為“籃子里的聚會”的家庭服務(wù)計(jì)劃，文章內(nèi)容包括服務(wù)的創(chuàng)意﹑服務(wù)的內(nèi)容以及服務(wù)的價(jià)格和聯(lián)系方式，由此我們可以推斷出作者的寫作目的是：to sell a service。

　　第三種寫作目的（to inform readers）多見于科普類﹑新聞報(bào)道類﹑文化類或社會類的文章，了解這類文章的寫作目的有賴于對文章主題的正確把握，閱讀時(shí)有必要找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句，或較好地對主題加以歸納．如全國卷有篇閱讀文章，一開始我們就讀到了這樣的一個(gè)問題：“Excused from recycling because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute?” 這是介紹新產(chǎn)品或新思路的一種常見手法，可由此初步推斷寫作意圖，作者在接下來的兩個(gè)段落對這種廢物回收裝置作了具體的描述，并在最后一段告訴了我們這種裝置的最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)，把握了這些關(guān)鍵信息，我們也就明白了作者的意圖：to introduce a recycling system for high rises．上海卷的一篇閱讀文章，一開始給出了文章的主題句In toy stores, what is old is new again之后從generational effect , economic factors 和marketing techniques三個(gè)方面分析了20世紀(jì)80年代的玩具又再重新熱銷的原因，這就是作者寫本文的目的：to analyze the reappearance of toys popular in the 1980’s. (from www.nmet168.com)

　　(2) 從寫用手法來推斷寫作目的

　　請看一個(gè)實(shí)例（廣東卷）

　　“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh.“There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,” he said.

　　●The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to ______.

　　A. test the readers’ knowledge about waves

　　B. draw the readers’ attention to the topic

　　C. show Jamie Taylor’s importance

　　D. invite the readers to answer them

　　【分析】作者在文章開頭提出問題讓讀者思考，或是簡單介紹與主題有關(guān)的其他事物，目的往往是為了引出主題（to draw the readers’ attention to the topic / to serve as an introduction to the discussion），故選B。

　　四、如何推斷文章出處

　　1. 提問方式

　　推斷文章出處的設(shè)題形式有：

　　The passage is most likely to be taken from______.

　　Where would this passage most probably appear?

　　The passage is most likely a part of______.

　　2. 解題技巧

　　這類問題應(yīng)從文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷其出處：

　　(1)報(bào)紙：前面會出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱。

　　(2)廣告：因其格式特殊，容易辨認(rèn)。(from www.nmet168.com)

　　(3)產(chǎn)品說明：器皿、設(shè)備的使用說明會有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說明會告知服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等。

　　3. 實(shí)例分析（全國卷）

　　Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them.

　　To reduce pain, take two tablets(藥片) with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief (緩解疼痛) take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.

　　For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount (量). For children under six years old, ask your doctor’s advice.

　　Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.

　　●This text is most probably taken from a ______.

　　A. textbook                                                B. newsreel

　　C. doctor’s notebook                        D. bottle of medicine

　　【解題思路分析】此題極易誤選D。的確，人們常在藥瓶上的說明中看到文章直接引語部分的文字內(nèi)容，但是像第一段這樣的內(nèi)容不可能出現(xiàn)在藥瓶上。由此可見，這一段文章應(yīng)選自教科書中有關(guān)如何讀服藥說明的課文，故選A。

　　五、一點(diǎn)特別說明

　　閱讀理解中的推斷題通常涉及的是作者的看法、意圖與態(tài)度，即作者本人在文章字里行間所表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)或看法，此時(shí)千萬不要誤認(rèn)為是在問“你”(考生)的想法。請看一個(gè)例子（全國卷）：

　　Maybe ten-year-old Elizabeth put it best when she said to her father. “But, Dad, you can’t be healthy if you’re dead.”

　　Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt—a mistake 75% of the US population make every day. The big question is why.

　　●Why did Elizabeth say to her father, “But, Dad, you can’t be healthy if you’re dead?

　　A. He was driving at great speed.

　　B. He was running across the street.

　　C. He didn’t have his safety belt on.

　　D. He didn’t take his medicine on time.

　　【解題思路分析】10歲的女兒對父親說：“爸爸，你若死了，也就不可能健康了。”女兒為什么這樣說呢？下文告訴我們：父親匆匆忙忙在天黑之前開車趕回家，以便跑步鍛煉身體，但卻在開車回家時(shí)忘記系安全帶。顯然女兒是在責(zé)備父親未系安全帶開車，即答案選 C。