高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的解題技巧

　　閱讀理解作為考查考生語(yǔ)言能力的重點(diǎn)，《考試大綱》提出了明確的要求：“要求考生讀懂熟悉的有關(guān)日常生活話題的簡(jiǎn)短文字材料�？忌鷳�(yīng)能：理解主旨要義；理解文中具體信息；根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；作出簡(jiǎn)單判斷和推理；理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度。”高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解也圍繞這一要求來(lái)命題，基本上可分為五類：1．細(xì)節(jié)判斷題；

　　2．猜測(cè)詞義題；3．主旨大意題；4．推理引申題；5．篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。下面以2004、2005、2006年全國(guó)統(tǒng)一高考英語(yǔ)科試題為例來(lái)分析上述五種試題的命題特點(diǎn)、具體要求以及解題技巧和方法。

　　第一節(jié) 細(xì)節(jié)判斷題解題技巧

　　《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中達(dá)到英語(yǔ)學(xué)科的高中畢業(yè)要求為七級(jí)，其有關(guān)閱讀最基本的要求是：“能從一般性文章中獲取和處理主要信息”。對(duì)這種“獲取和處理主要信息”能力的考查，主要采用的方式就是：細(xì)節(jié)判斷。這類題在高考閱讀理解題中占一定的比例，做好這類題是確�；�礎(chǔ)分的關(guān)鍵。同時(shí)，弄清細(xì)節(jié)，正確獲取信息，也是把握文章主旨的前提。因此，要特別重視做好這類題。

　　細(xì)節(jié)判斷題題干常見的問句形式多種多樣。如：

　　Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

　　Which of the following statements is NOT true?

　　Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?

　　Which of the following is NOT considered as …?

　　According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the reasons for … ?

　　How many … … ？

　　What/who/when/where/how/why … … ?

　　做這類題的一般方法是通過skimming把握文章中心后，再通過尋讀法（scanning）快速確定該細(xì)節(jié)在文中的出處（信息源），對(duì)照選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行“三對(duì)一錯(cuò)或三錯(cuò)一對(duì)”的判斷。若該信息句是長(zhǎng)句或難句，要學(xué)會(huì)找出其主干部分、分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，正確理解信息句的意義。

　　命題者在出這類題時(shí)慣用“偷梁換柱、張冠李戴”的手法來(lái)迷惑考生，即對(duì)原句細(xì)微處做改動(dòng)，截取原文詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改造，因果倒置，把A的觀點(diǎn)說成B的觀點(diǎn)等。所以正確理解題干和信息句的意義是關(guān)鍵。

　　這類細(xì)節(jié)性問題所涉及的面很廣，有的需要經(jīng)過簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算確定時(shí)間、距離、次數(shù)、數(shù)量等；有的涉及正誤判斷；有的詢問事實(shí)、原因、結(jié)果、目的等。例如：（注：本書例題練習(xí)中選用全國(guó)各地高考題均保留原題號(hào)）

　�。�05全國(guó)卷II B篇）The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society －a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.

　　“My grandmothers didn’t do anything but keep house and serve everybody. They were programmed to do that,” said Emily Comette, head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.

　　While men have long spent their time fishing and playing golf, women have sometimes seemed to become unnoticed as they age. But the generation now turning 50 is the baby boomers(生育高峰期出生的人), and the same people who refused their parents’ way of being young are now trying a new way of growing old.

　　If you take into consideration feminism(女權(quán)主義), a bit of spare money, and better health for most elderly, the Red Hat Society looks almost inevitable(必然的). In this society, women over 50 wear red hats and purple(紫色的) clothes, while the women under 50 wear pink hats and light purple clothing.

　　“The organization took the idea from a poem by Jenny Joseph that begins: When I am an old woman, I shall wear purple. With a red hat which doesn’t go.” said Ellen Cooper, who founded the Red Hat Society in 1998. When the ladies started to wear the red hats, they attracted lots of attention.

　　“The point of this is that we need a rest from always doing something for someone else,” Cooper said. “Women feel so ashamed and sorry when they do something for themselves.” This is why chapters are discouraged from raising money or doing anything useful. “We’re a ladies’ play group. It couldn’t be more simple,” added Cooper’s assistant Joe Heywood.

　　47．Who set up the Red Hat Society ?

　　A．Emily Comette. B．Ellen Cooper. C．Jenny Joseph.  D．Joe Heywood.

　　48．Women join the Red Hat Society because          .

　　A．they want to stay young

　　B．they would like to appear more attractive

　　C．they would like to have fun and live for themselves

　　D．they want to be more like their parents

　　解析：這兩題都是細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。和47題相關(guān)的信息句是文中的：“The organization took the idea from a poem by Jenny Joseph that begins: When I am an old woman, I shall wear purple. With a red hat which doesn’t go.” said Ellen Cooper, who founded the Red Hat Society in 1998. 理解了這句話，我們不難得出答案B。 通過瀏覽我們了解了“the Red Hat Society”這個(gè)社團(tuán)的性質(zhì)和作用，再結(jié)合信息句 “Enter the Red Hat Society －a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.”，我們很容易得出48題正確答案為C。

　�。�05 福建卷 A 篇）Paul Zindel’s death on March 27,2003 ended the brilliant life of a famous writer.

　　Not only did Paul Zindel win a Pulitzer Prize as well as an Obie Prize for his 1970 play The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, but he was one of the earliest writers in the field of contemporary（當(dāng)代的） literature for young adults（成人）. The Pigman, published in 1968, is still one of the most well-known and widely-taught novels in the genre. The American Library Association has named it one of the 100 Best of the Best Books for Young Adults published between 1967 and 1992, and Zindel’s autobiography, The Pigman and Me, was among the 100 Best of the Best Books published for teenagers during the last part of the twentieth century. Six of Zindel’s books, in fact, have been voted the Best Books for Young Adults, and most of his recent horror books-such as The Doom Stone and Rats have been chosen as Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. Clearly, he was a writer who knew how to interest contemporary children. Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements, and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature. With his passing, young readers, teachers, and librarians have lost a great friend.

　　56．Which of Paul Zindel’s books was the most popular with young adults in the 20th century?

　　A．The Pigman.

　　B．The Doom Stone.

　　C．The Pigman and Me.

　　D．The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds.

　　57．Why was Paul Zindel honored with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize?

　　A．His books were widely read by children.

　　B．His books were interesting and helpful to adults.

　　C．He made great contributions to contemporary literature.

　　D．He wrote a number of horror books for young adults.

　　58．When did Paul Zindel win the ALAN Prize?

　　A．In 2002．  B．In 2003．

　　C．Between 1967 and 1992． D．Between 2002 and 2003．

　　59．Choose the correct statements from the following according to the passage.

　　a.The Pigman and Me was one of the Best Books for teenagers.

　　b.Zindel was one of the earliest writers who wrote for adults only.

　　c.The Doom Stone and Rats are not popular with young adults.

　　d.Zindel was given four prizes for literature before he died.

　　e.At least eight of Zindel’s books were very popular in his times.

　　A．c, d, e B．a(chǎn), b, c C．a(chǎn), b, d D．a(chǎn), d, e

　　解析：這四題都是細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。56、57、58三題, 只要我們根據(jù)題干的問句找到信息源，很快就能找到正確答案分別是：A、C、A，做第59題時(shí)我們要對(duì)五個(gè)陳述作出正誤判斷，b、c兩個(gè)說法是錯(cuò)誤的，因此，正確答案為D。

　　下面請(qǐng)同學(xué)們實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練上述方法和技巧。

　　【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)一】（05北京卷 A 篇）

　　Chances

　　I really love my job because I enjoy working with small children and like the challenges and awards from the job. I also think my work is important. There was a time when I thought I would never have that sort of career（職業(yè)）.

　　I wasn’t an excellent student because I didn’t do much schoolwork. In my final term I started thinking what I might do and found I didn’t have much to offer. I just accepted that I wasn’t the type to have a career.

　　I then found myself a job. Looking after two little girls, It wasn’t too bad at first. But the problems began when I agreed to live in, so that I would be there if my boss had to go out for business in the evening. We agreed that if I had to work extra hours one week, she’d give me time off the next. But unfortunately, it didn’t often work out. I was getting extremely tired and fed up, because I had too many late nights and early mornings with the children.

　　One Sunday, I was in the park with the children, and met Megan who used to go to school with me, I told her about my situation. She suggested that I should do a course and get a qualification（資格證書）if I wanted to work with children. I didn’t think I would be accepted because I didn’t take many exams in school. She persuaded me to phone the local college and they were really helpful. My experience counted for a lot and I got on a part – time course. I had to leave my job with the family, and got work helping out at a kindergarten.

　　Now I’ve got a full – time job there. I shall always be thankful to Megan. I wish I had known earlier that you could have a career, even if you aren’t top of the class at school.

　　56．What is the author’s present job?

　　A．Working part – time in a college.

　　B．Taking care of children for a family.

　　C．Helping children with their schoolwork.

　　D．Looking after children at a kindergarten.

　　57．When staying with the two girls’ family, the author       .

　　A．was paid for extra work B．often worked long hours

　　C．got much help from her boss D．took a day off every other week

　　58．Why did the author leave her first job?

　　A．She found a full – time job.

　　B．She was fed up with children.

　　C．She decided to attend a part – time course.

　　D．She needed a rest after working extra hours.

　　【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)二】（05湖南卷 A 篇）

　　We were on tour a few summers ago, driving through Chicago, when right outside of the city, we got pulled over. A middle-aged policeman came up to the car and was really being troublesome at first. Lecturing us, he said,“You were speeding. Where are you going in such a hurry?” Our guitarist, Tim, told him that we were on our way to Wisconsin to play a show. His way towards us totally changed. He asked, “Oh, so you boys are in a band（樂隊(duì)）？”We told him that we were. He then asked all the usual band questions about the type of music we played, and how long we had been at it. Suddenly, he stopped and said, “Tim, you want to get out of this ticket, don’t you?” Tim said,“Yes.” So the officer asked him to step out of the car. The rest of us, inside the car, didn’t know what to think as we watched the policeman talk to Tim. Next thing we knew, the policeman was putting Tim in the back of the police car he had parked in front of us. With that, he threw the car into reverse（倒車），stopping a few feet in back of our car. Now we suddenly felt frightened. We didn’t know if we were all going to prison, or if the policeman was going to sell Tim on the black market or something. All of a sudden, the policeman’s voice came over his loudspeaker. He said, “Ladies and gentlemen, for the first time ever, we have Tim here singing on Route 90．”Turns out, the policeman had told Tim that the only way he was getting out of the ticket was if he sang part of one of our songs over the loudspeaker in the police car. Seconds later, Tim started screaming into the receiver. The policeman enjoyed the performance, and sent us on our way without a ticket.

　　56．The policeman stopped the boys to       .

　　A．put them into prison B．give them a ticket

　　C．enjoy their performance D．a(chǎn)sk some band questions

　　57．The policeman became friendly to the boys when he knew they        .

　　A．had long been at the band B．played the music he loved

　　C．were driving for a show D．promised him a performance

　　【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)三】（06江西卷 B 篇）

　　Buster Biown was a thief——and a good one, too, he thought. He’d never been caught by the police because he never took chances.  He was always prepared for any unforeseenf event or emergency.

　　Confidently, he stood outside the house of his intended victim(受害者) and read the sign on the front gate     of the house. “Don’t worry the dog—be aware of the owner!”  it said. Buster smiled and found his way in.

　　The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. As he began putting them into his bag, a dog came into the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged its tail madly and went over to him, licking his outstretched hand. “Good boy,” Buster whispered. “What a great guard dog you are—trying to lick me to death.”

　　Satisfied he’d made friends with the dog, Buster began to wander round the house, choosing items to put in his bag. His skilled eye picked out only the best antiques (古董): a pair of silver candle holders, a silver tea-and-coffce service, etc . His new friend, the dog , sat and watched,  as if wondering what was happening.

　　“Well, boy,” Buster whispered finally. “That might do. Any more and I won’t be able to carry it ! ”  Her swung the heavy bag onto his shouiders, just as the lights came on, nearly blinding him . He shielded his eyes with his hand.

　　“You’ re a very silly person,” the figure in the doorway said, his voice dry as dust. As the man came closer, Bustor could see he was well dressed. His face seemed familiar, but Buster couldn’t quite sure where he had seen him before.

　　“You should have taken more notice of the sign outside.” The man rasped,  “I knew about this attempted robbery Iast week and I also know you will end up behind bars for 20 years. Fancy trying to rob the house of  the world’ s greatest fortune-teller!”

　　60． Why was Buster so confident?

　　A. He was not afraid of dogs.

　　B. He knew the owner of the house lived alone.

　　C. He had never been caught by the police.

　　D. The house had no security alarm.

　　61． Which of the definitions id closest in meaning to the word “exoticc” in the 3rd paragraph?

　　A. Messy and untidy.             B. Rich and expenaive.

　　C. Comfortable and calming       D. Foreign and unusual

　　62． How did Buster decide wlich objects to take?

　　A. He took those the were easy to carry in his bag.

　　B. He took only the best antiques.

　　C. He took those that he knew he could sell easily.

　　D. He looked for silver objects.

　　63． What punishment waits for Buster Brown?

　　A. A prison sentence with hard labour.

　　B. A long prison sentence.

　　C. A heavy fine

　　D.Community service for 20 years.