2008屆高三英語語法專題復(fù)習(xí)——非謂語動詞

　　非謂語動詞有三種形式：動詞不定式、分詞、動名詞

　　一、動詞不定式     

　　【要點點撥】動詞不定式表現(xiàn)為兩種形式：to do 或 do，在句中可作：

　　1、主語： To build the bridge needs much money.

　　    一般用 It作形式主語放在句首，把不定式短語放于句末。

　　          It doesn’t make any difference whether you go today or tomorrow.

　　2、表語： Their task is to build a railway in a year.

　　3、賓語： The child pretended to be sleeping / asleep when I came back home.

　　    注意：當不定式作賓語，其后接補語時，我們常用it 作形式賓語，把不定式賓語放于補語之后。

　　          We think it possible to finish the work in a week.

　　4、定語：表示一個未發(fā)生的動作，放于被修飾的名詞之后。

　　        The building to be built will be used as a hospital.

　　5、狀語：1）目的狀語：常見形式有：to…. / in order to…. / so as to….

　　        We got up early in order to catch the first bus.

　　   2）結(jié)果狀語：常見形式有： too…. to… / so….as to…. / only to….

　　        Would you be so kind as to help me with my English?

　　He returned home 15 years later, only to find his house burnt down.

　　6、補語：1）賓補： He asked me to do work with him.

　　         2）主補： She was often heard to sing the song while doing housework.

　　7、獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作插入語。常用的有：to tell the truth , to be frank , to make things worse…

　　二、分   詞：

　　【要點點撥】分詞可分為：現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩類。

　　現(xiàn)在分詞: 現(xiàn)在分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞短語在句中可作：

　　1、定語：單個的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語一般放于被修飾的名詞前，現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語應(yīng)放被修飾的名詞后，現(xiàn)在分詞及現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時均可以發(fā)展為一個定語從句。

　　        The girl reading over there (The girl who was reading over there) soon fell asleep.

　　2、狀語：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語可分為：一般式(doing)：表示分詞動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生；完成式(having done)：表示分詞動作發(fā)生于謂語動作之前。

　　The old man passed away, leaving a lot of debts unpaid.

　　     Having finished (After he had finished) his exercises, he went to play basketball.

　　3、補語：現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補語，表示賓語的一個正在進行的動作，用于一些常見句型中:

　　         see / hear / feel / notice / have / catch / leave / set / send…. sb. doing sth.

　　         The salesman caught the thief stealing in the shop.

　　4、表語：現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，表示主語的特點，可以看作形容詞，是形容詞化的現(xiàn)在分詞。

　　        The film was very interesting.

　　5、獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：現(xiàn)在分詞短語作獨立結(jié)構(gòu)時，是固定說法，不以主動、被動去分析。常見的有：generally speaking, judging from/by, considering…

　　       Generally speaking, he is quite skillful at playing table tennis.

　　過去分詞：過去分詞和過去分詞短語在句中可作：

　　1、定語：單一的過去分詞作定語一般放于被修飾的名詞前，過去分詞短語作定語放于被修飾的名詞后，過去分詞及過去分詞短語作定語均可以發(fā)展為一個定語從句。

　　        The broken window (The window which was broken) will be replaced soon.

　　The books bought yesterday ( which were bought yesterday) are of high quality.

　　        過去分詞短語作定語有三種時態(tài)：done….：表示動作已發(fā)生；to be done：表示動作將要發(fā)生；being done：表示動作正在發(fā)生。對比以下三句：

　　The bridge built last year (which was built last year) is very beautiful.

　　The bridge to be built next month (which will be built next month) will be very long.

　　The bridge being built (which is being built) will be completed next month.

　　2、狀語：過去分詞短語作狀語可分為：一般式(done)：表示分詞動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生或分詞動作發(fā)生于謂語動作前；完成式(having been done)：強調(diào)分詞動作發(fā)生于謂語動作之前。

　　Scolded ( As she was scolded) by the teacher, the girl sat there without lifting her head.

　　    Having been kept (As he had been kept) in prison for many years, he went mad.

　　3、補語：過去分詞作賓語補語，表示賓語與補語存在被動關(guān)系，且常用于have something done / get something done / make oneself done ….等句型中。

　　e.g. Yesterday he had his watch fixed at the watch-maker’s.

　　4、表語：過去分詞作表語，表示主語的狀態(tài)，且該狀態(tài)通常是由外界因素引起的。這時過去分詞可以被看作一個形容詞，是形容詞化的過去分詞。

　　    e.g. I’m interested in reading novels written by Jin Yong.

　　注：分詞短語作狀語，其邏輯主語必須是主句的主語，如果分詞的邏輯主語并不是主句

　　的主語，而另有其邏輯主語，則應(yīng)在分詞前補上其邏輯主語，構(gòu)成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)相當于一個狀語從句。

　　    e.g. The baby sleeping (As the baby was sleeping)in the room, we dared not turn up the TV.

　　三、動 名 詞

　　【要點點撥】動名詞是由動詞后+ing的形式構(gòu)成的，與動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞同形。它保留了動

　　詞的特征，即：它可以帶自己的賓語和狀語，又具有名詞的特征。

　　1、主語： Studying English well is no easy job.

　　    注意：1)在下面一些結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用it作形式主語，將用作真實主語的動名詞放于句末。

　　          It is no use / no good / useless / nice / good / fun / interesting ….+ doing sth.

　　         It’s good hearing Chinese, my mother tongue, spoken here.

　　2)動詞不定式作主語和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別：動詞不定式作主語表示一個具體的動作，而動名詞作主語則表示一個抽象的、一般的概念。

　　         Reading English in the morning is of great use for students.

　　To read this English book will take much time.

　　2、表語：動名詞作表語是對句子主語的一種說明，主語和動名詞可以交換位置，句子的意思不變。這有別于進行時：進行時句中用的是現(xiàn)在分詞，表示主語的一個正在進行的動作，主語與現(xiàn)在分詞不能交換位置。

　　            What he likes most is playing football. = Playing football is what he likes most.

　　     He is playing football with his friends.

　　3、賓語：動名詞作賓語，表示一種習(xí)慣、愛好。

　　         He likes smoking while I like drinking.

　　     注意：動詞不定式作賓語，表示一個具體的動作，不表示習(xí)慣。

　　        I like smoking, but I don’t like to smoke today, for I’ve got a cold.

　　     有些動詞后面不用不定式作賓語，而只用動名詞作賓語，請記住以下口訣：memepscarfi: 音譯成：妹妹不吃咖啡。這里每個字母代表一個或幾個單詞：m-miss e-enjoy ; m-mind ;e-escape; p- practise; s- suggest / stand; c- consider / complete; a-admit / allow /advise / appreciate / avoid; r- risk; f- finish ; i- imagine，常用的詞都列在里面了。

　　      I highly appreciate your helping the old lady.

　　動名詞還作介詞賓語。 I don’t feel like going to the station to meet the guests.

　　4、定語：動名詞作定語，放于被修飾的名詞前，表示該的名詞的功能，并不表示動作。

　　      e.g. a sleeping bag = a bag for sleeping / an operating table = a table for operating

　　    區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表示被修飾的名詞的一個動作。

　　      e.g. a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping / the running car = the car that is running

　　另：1) 動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（one’s doing）：表示動名詞動作的發(fā)出者，在句中可作主語和賓語。動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語時，可以用賓格代替所有格。

　　   e.g. We like Tom’s (Tom) singing the English song.

　　        The little boy’s crying drew our attention.

　　     2) 有些動詞后面既可跟動詞不定式，又可跟動名詞作賓語，注意它們的不同意思�！�     

　　 doing sth                 to do sth                

　　remember

　　 記得做過某事，（動作已發(fā)生）

　　 記得去做某事（動作未發(fā)生）

　　   forget

　　 忘了做過某事（動作已發(fā)生）

　　 忘了去做某事（動作未發(fā)生）　

　　   regret

　　 后悔過去做過的事

　　 遺憾地去做事

　　 mean

　　 意味著做某事

　　    意欲、打算做某事

　　    try

　　 試著做某事（看會發(fā)生什么）

　　 努力、設(shè)法、企圖做某事

　　    stop

　　         停止做某事

　　 停下來去做另一事

　　go on

　　 繼續(xù)原來的事

　　 接著做另一件事　

　　can’t help

　　 禁不住、情不自禁地做某事

　　 無法幫助去做某事 

　　   learn

　　 學(xué)會做某事

　　 學(xué)著、開始學(xué)做某事

　　need / want/require

　　 某事需要被做（= to be done）

　　 需要做某事（主動意思） 

　　【各個擊破】

　　1. At the shopping center, he didn’t know what ____ and ____ with an empty bag.

　　A. to buy ; leave   B. to be bought ; left C. to buy ; left D. was to buy ; leave

　　2. The long and tiring talk, filled with arguments and quarrels, ended in disorder, _____ no agreement at all.

　　A. arriving    B. arrived at   C. reaching   D. and getting to

　　3. Do you know the difficulty he had ______ five children at school?

　　A. to keep    B. to have kept C. keeping   D. having kept

　　4. ——Let me tell you something about my Chinese teacher.

　　   —— I remember _____ about her yesterday.

　　A. telling    B. being told   C. to tell    D. having told

　　5. Having no money but ____ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.

　　A. not to want anyone B. wanted no one C. not wanting anyone D. to want no one

　　6. The old lady needed ___ as she was in her 80s.

　　A. to look after   B. looking after C. look after   D. being looked after

　　7. ——Why are you always making me drink milk?

　　   —— ______ enough calcium for you to grow tall and strong.

　　A. Get     B. To get    C. Getting   D. To be getting

　　8. Many students _____ around, I explained the story into details.

　　A. stood    B. standing   C. to stand   D. were standing

　　9. He has few friends and never mind ______ alone, playing by himself.

　　A. leaving    B. having    C. to be left   D. being left

　　10. I explained the theory as clearly as possible, ____ to make it easy _____ .

　　   A. hope ; to understand     B. hoped ; understood

　　   C. hoping ; to understand     D. to hope ; to be understood

　　11. The students listened carefully, with their eyes ____ the blackboard.

　　   A. fixing at   B. fixed at   C. fixing on   D. fixed on

　　12. _______ to go with the others made him rather disappointed.

　　   A. His not allowed B. His not being allowed C. Not his allowing D. Having not been allowed

　　13. I was very poor when young and had no toys _______ .

　　   A. to play    B. to play with   C. with playing D. playing with

　　14. He went to bed _____ . The next morning he woke up only ____ himself lying on the floor.

　　   A. drinking ; to find B. drunk ; to find C. being drunk ; finding D. to drink ; finding

　　15. We can hardly imagine Peter _____ such rude words to you.

　　   A. say    B. to say    C. saying    D. to have said

　　16. I’d like my child _______ in a school of high quality.

　　   A. educating   B. to educate   C. to be educated D. being educated

　　17. My son pretended _______ when I came back.

　　   A. to sleep    B. sleeping   C. being sleeping D. to be sleeping

　　18. Tom is thought ______ the good deed to the blind man.

　　   A. of doing   B. to do    C. to have done D. of being done

　　19. The stranger has spent a whole week ______ in his room. No one knows what he is doing.

　　   A. locking    B. to lock    C. locked    D. being locked

　　非謂語動詞：CCCBC BBBDC DBBBC   CDCC